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Controlled Human Infection Models (CHIMs) involve deliberately exposing healthy human volunteers to a known pathogen, to allow the detailed study of disease processes and evaluate methods of treatment and prevention, including next generation vaccines. CHIMs are in development for both tuberculosis (TB) and Covid-19, but challenges remain in their ongoing optimisation and refinement. It would be unethical to deliberately infect humans with virulent Mycobacteria tuberculosis (M.tb), however surrogate models involving other mycobacteria, M.tb Purified Protein Derivative or genetically modified forms of M.tb either exist or are under development. These utilise varying routes of administration, including via aerosol, per bronchoscope or intradermal injection, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Intranasal CHIMs with SARS-CoV-2 were developed against the backdrop of the evolving Covid-19 pandemic and are currently being utilised to both assess viral kinetics, interrogate the local and systemic immunological responses post exposure, and identify immune correlates of protection. In future it is hoped they can be used to assess new treatments and vaccines. The changing face of the pandemic, including the emergence of new virus variants and increasing levels of vaccination and natural immunity within populations, has provided a unique and complex environment within which to develop a SARS-CoV-2 CHIM. This article will discuss current progress and potential future developments in CHIMs for these two globally significant pathogens.
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COVID-19 , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Tuberculosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Background: A considerable number of front-line workers are under risk due to repeated infection and exposure. The pattern of COVID 19 infection among the front-line workers was important, so that more focus would be laid on protecting them. Contact tracing is one key strategy for interrupting chains of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to find the pattern of COVID 19 infection among front line health workers and describe the process of contact tracing. Methodology: The list of front-line workers with possible symptoms of COVID-19 or had come in direct contact with a "case" was shared with the department of community medicine for contract tracing activity as per the guidelines. The front-line workers who were categorized as High Risk were quarantined immediately and those who were categorized as Low-Risk were advised to be vigilant regarding the development of symptoms and were asked to continue with their routine duties with extra precautionary measures as they form a very vital part of the resource in this combat against COVID-19. Result(s): About 138 front line health workers were affected by COVID-19 among which staff nurses (51) amounted to the maximum number who were affected. Conclusion(s): COVID-19 was high among front-line workers and had a large number of high-risk contacts. Nurses were found to be most affected with COVID 19 infection.Copyright © 2023, Institute of Medico-legal Publication. All rights reserved.
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The most life-threatening illness that is the primary cause of female morality is Breast cancer. Breast cancer research has led to extraordinary breakthroughs in our understanding of the illness over the last two decades, leading in more effective medicines. Now days, In most Of all malignant diseases, one of the most deadly occurring cancer are those cancers occurring in the breast, accounting for 23 percent of all cancer fatalities. It is now a global issue, yet it is still detected in its advanced stages due to women's neglect in self-inspection. The greater parts of people learn from their disease is thorough practice of screening procedures. Others may come with a breast lump that was discovered by accident, a change in breast shape or size, or nipple discharge, although mastalgia is not unusual. To diagnose breast cancer, a physical examination, imaging, particularly mammography, and tissue biopsy are required. Early detection increases the chances of survival.Copyright © 2022 Novyi Russkii Universitet. All rights reserved.
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Viral infections affecting the liver had a serious impact on humanity, as they have led to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with acute and chronic infections. The discovery of the viral agents of severe acute hepatitis in children triggered interest of the scientific community to establish the pathogenesis and diagnostic techniques to identify the affected population. But, WHO, together with scientists in various affected countries, are working to understand the cause of this infection that does not appear to belong to any of the known five types of hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D and E. Many cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children <10 years of age were reported by the International Health Regulations (IHR) was mainly by adenovirus infection, HAdV-41. Although most acute infections cause mild disease and even go undetected, some can lead to complications and turn fatal. With the rapid scientific and technological advances in the last centuries, controlling and even curing the infections became a possibility, with a large focus on preventive medicine through vaccination. The review article describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools and current medication regimens for severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children.Copyright © 2022, Global Research Online. All rights reserved.
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Some new norms need to be adapted due to COVID-19 pandemic period where people need to wear masks, wash their hands frequently, maintain social distancing, and avoid going out unless necessary. Therefore, educational institutions were closed to minimize the spread of COVID-19. As a result of this, online education was adapted to substitute face-to-face learning. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the Malaysian university students' adaptation to the new norms, knowledge and practices toward COVID-19, besides, their attitudes toward online learning. This study was conducted from January to February 2021 and included a sample of 500 Malaysian university students. For data collection, all students were asked to fill in a questionnaire that was developed based on previous literature, using Google Forms. 498 students completed the questionnaire (response rate 99.6%). Malaysian Ministry of Health was the main source (83.73%) that students refer to when looking for information on COVID-19. Only 40% of the participants had good overall knowledge about COVID-19;such knowledge was influenced by the students' field of study. The current practice towards COVID-19 was good only by 26.1% of participating students;such practice was influenced by the ethnic groups. Additionally, 60% of participated students agreed that COVID-19 can be successfully controlled. About one-third of participants had positive attitudes toward online learning. The major challenges facing students during online learning include distraction of the learning environment (80%), unstable internet connectivity (75%), lack of motivation (70%), limited technical skills (41%), and limited broadband data (34%). In conclusion, the knowledge and practice toward COVID-19 was good in less than half of Malaysian university students. Attitudes to the controlling of COVID- 19 were positive, while the attitudes toward online learning were neutral among most of the Malaysian university students. Challenges toward online learning are diverse and include both technical and student-related problems.Copyright © 2022 University of Baghdad - College of Pharmacy. All rights reserved.
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Since the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia broke out, diagnostic imaging was providing valuable radiological support for disease diagnosis and progress evaluation. Radiological staff, especially radiographers were staying at the front line of epidemic prevention and control. They were facing the patients directly with dual responsibility and pressure of infection control and radiation protection. A number of relevant professional experts established the consensus which clarified three parts of detailed implementing rules including infection control and protection of the radiological staff, disinfection of diagnostic radiology equipment and place, as well as radiological protection. The aim was to further standardize the clinical procedures of radiological staff, reduce the infection risk and the radiation risk of medical staff and patients.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic the use of NSAIDS was avoided. This was because the previous studies suggesting that NSAIDs may be associated with increased risk of complications of lower respiratory tract infections. Later on studies involved the patients who used NSAIDs for some chronic conditions and showed no additional harm among these patients. Then many studied assessed the benefit of using NSAIDs in COVID-19 patients for management of pain and fever and showed no additional risk among these patients.Copyright © 2023 Faculty of Anaesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care, AFMS. All rights reserved.
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Objective We aimed to review the data available to explore prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in the real world. Methods We searched observational cohort studies and case-control studies that described the SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang Data from inception to 11 Dec 2022. Studies, data extracted and quality assessed were selected according to strict inclusion exclusion criteria. All analyses were using Stata version 16.0. Results A total of 24 studies were included, involving 78 635 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and 6 616 869 cases of SARS-CoV-2 primary infection. In cases after the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 2.06% (95% CI: 1.73% - 2.40%). Compared with other age groups, the secondary infection rate was higher in those aged 40 - < 50 years 2.97% (95% CI: -1. 20%-7 14%) and 50-<60 years 2. 32% (95% CI: -0.74%-5.38%). In vaccination status group, the pooled prevalence was 5.47% (95% CI: 1.99%-8.95%) in unvaccinated cases, 1.85% (95% CI: 1.63%-2.08%) for those received partial COVID-19 vaccination, and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.34%-1.89%) for those received fully vaccination. In addition, the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 6.02% (95% CI: 5.67%-6. 37%) in the health care workers. Conclusions There is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but the results of this global real-world meta-analysis showed that the rate of reinfection is not high. It is recommended to scientifically understand the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, strengthen public health education, maintain healthy habits, and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.Copyright © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 is a global pandemic, which is the third outbreak and epidemic of infectious disease caused by coronavirus in this century and constitutes a major threat to human health.In this paper, COCOVID-19, Severeacute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS) were analyzed to distinguish their clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, so as to better prevent and treat related diseases.Copyright © 2020 Chinese Medical Association
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COVID-19 is a global pandemic, which is the third outbreak and epidemic of infectious disease caused by coronavirus in this century and constitutes a major threat to human health.In this paper, COCOVID-19, Severeacute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS) were analyzed to distinguish their clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, so as to better prevent and treat related diseases.Copyright © 2020 Chinese Medical Association
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The prevention and treatment of COVID-19 nationwide has entered a tackling phase. Effective treatment of severe and critically ill patients is the key to reducing the fatality of the disease. The artificial liver blood purification system can remove inflammatory factors, alleviate the damage of the inflammatory response to the body, and has important value for the treatment of severe COVID-19. Led by academician Li Lanjuan, based on the experience of treating patients across the country, integrating the opinions of experts from all over the country, the center summarized and formulated the consensus including the basic principles, treatment indications, relative contraindications, mode selection, monitoring indicators, and efficacy evaluation of artificial liver, which provides reference for treatment of severe COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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Objective: To explore a low dose CT scanning method on novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia based on infection prevention and control. Method(s): A total of 140 patients with confirmed novel coronavirus pneumonia in Xiehe hospital from January 20, 2020 to February 28, 2020 were undertaken CT scan and divided into low dose group and conventional dose group. The patients in low dose group(120 kV, 31 mAs) consisted of mild type(51), severe type(15) and critically ill type(4);and those in conventional dose group(120 kv, adaptive milliampere second) consisted of mild type(48), severe type(17) and critically ill type(5). The effective radiation dose, SNR and CNR of CT scan were compared between two groups. A senior and a middle radiologist made the image subjective quality scores, respectively. Result(s): The effective dose in low dose group was lower than that of conventional dose group(t=-48.343, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in SNR and CNR between two groups(P>0.05). For severe and critically ill patients, the score in low dose group was significantly lower than that in conventional dose group(t=-2.781, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in scores between two groups for mild patients(P>0.05). Conclusion(s): Low-dose CT scanning could meet the image quality needs for patients with COVID-19 and meanwhile significantly reduce the radiation dose.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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Introduction: The need for healthcare workers (HCWs) to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic heightens their risk of thermal stress. Objective(s): To determine knowledge regarding heat stress and practice of PPE among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material(s) and Method(s): A cross-sectional observational study was done among 115 HCWs using a self-designed questionnaire to identify their thoughts on heat stress caused by PPE wear during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and dew point in their respective locations were recorded using data loggers (EL-USB-2-LCD+, Lascar Electronics, Salisbury, UK). R version 3.6.2 was used to examine the frequency and descriptive statistics from the survey findings. Pearson's chi-square was used to determine associations. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result(s): The average wet bulb globe temperature (WBG) reported was 30.0oC (IQR 29.1-31.8oC) according to the heat exposure data. The majority of the 115 HCWs were involved in medical consulting (39%), followed by nursing (29%). The researchers discovered that 50% of the workers (n=57) were wearing 5-6 PPEs and had a fourteen-fold increased risk of developing an undesirable thermal health symptom (95 % CI: 0.77 to 280.24;p=0.0737). In addition, 36% of the participants (n=42) worked between 8 and 10 hours every shift with little or no rest. It was also important to note that 76% (n=88) of them worked in non-air-conditioned environments, and 33% (n=38) of them had excessive workloads, which could add to the employees' heat burden. More than half of them agreed that wearing PPE is extremely inconvenient, and they avoided taking breaks to maintain infection control. The impression of thermal stress was reported by 96% of the participants (n=111), and it was found to be substantially linked with the job they were engaged [OR 0.0654 (95% CI: 0.003- 1.246) P=0.001]. More than half of the participants strongly agreed that appropriate rest and hydration before work could help them lower their thermal stress. Conclusion(s): HCWs are cognizant of the effects of heat stress but might not adopt best practices due to various constraints. Ice slurry ingestion could be a practical and effective method for promoting thermal comfort. Adverse effects of heat stress on productivity and judgment of HCWs warrant further investigation.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID - 19) pandemic has lasted for more than 2 years in the world. At present, Omicron has become the dominant strain. Omicron is highly contagious, has a stronger ability of antibody evasion and reinfection, which brings great challenges to COVID - 19 pandemic prevention and control. This article reviewed the latest evidence on COVID - 19 in children, such as pandemic status, clinical manifestations, vaccine proection effect, antiviral medicines and non - pharmaceutical interventions, revealing some challenges in prevention and reatment efforts currently.Copyright © 2022 Chinese Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics. All rights reserved.
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Background Changes to paediatric services during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic potentially challenged children's fundamental right to health. As COVID-19 has presented with greater morbidity and mortality in adults than in children healthcare resources including staff were diverted from paediatric services to support adult care. Infection- control measures were also implemented including hospital visiting restrictions and reduced face-to-face paediatric care. Objectives We investigated paediatricians' perceptions around the impact of changes to paediatric services during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young people (CYP) to develop recommendations for maintaining their care during subsequent pandemics. Methods A multi-centre service evaluation was conducted through surveying consultant paediatricians working within the North Thames Paediatric Network a cohort of paediatric services in London. Results Forty-seven consultant paediatricians across six National Health Service trusts completed the survey. Lower quality of paediatric care due to redeployment was reported (61%;n=28) alongside consequences of visiting restrictions for CYP's mental health (79%;n=37). Fewer hospital attendances of CYP were linked to caregivers' fear of COVID-19 infection-risks (96%;n=45) and government 'stay at home' messages (89%;n=42). Although 52% (n= 24) relayed that care accessibility had improved with virtual formats inequities for those with reduced technological access or skills were noted (83%;n=38). Risk of harm to children with complex needs disabilities and safeguarding concerns was reported due to reductions in face-to-face care. Paediatricians largely perceived that the prioritisation of adults during the pandemic had compromised children's right to health (81%;n=33). Conclusion Consultant paediatricians raised concern around poorer quality and accessibility of paediatric care during the pandemic's first wave and resulting harm occurring to children. In future pandemics children's welfare must receive greater consideration and support. Recommendations for future practice are provided based upon our findings including maintaining face-to-face consultations with vulnerable and disadvantaged children.
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December 2019 has become one of the most surprising days in the whole world in light of the flare-up of a most infectious sickness brought about by novel Covid or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study is conducted to assess the benefits of the use of home remedies to prevent the cause of Covid-19 and evaluate the assessment of dietary changes and physical activity in the prevention of Covid-19. A questionnaire-based online survey is conducted using Google forms consisting of multiple-choice questions about home remedies, lifestyle and dietary changes made by the people during this pandemic. These home remedies included using different types of herbal preparations, steam inhalation, physical exercise and OTC medications for prophylaxis. Questions likewise included about being infected by Coronavirus-19(during first wave or second) and their recovery period, additionally collected their viewpoint for changes made, for example how much they are useful in the prevention of the attack and whenever encountered any undesirable impacts. Total responses were 210, among which 121(57.6%) responses were from females and 89(42.4%) from males. 65 people tested Covid positive (42 during the first wave and 23 during the second wave). 118(56.2%) of people think these changes are very beneficial. (Rated 4 and 5 out of 5 points). From our survey, we concluded that different herbal preparations of their composition, which they thought are helpful, and steam inhalations have been used. Rating regarding the use and effectiveness was also found to be average. Further studies are needed to prove and provide clear evidence about adverse and side effects associated with the use of herbal products.Copyright © 2022 Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. All rights reserved.